Allergies
Skin allergies are an increasingly common malady affecting our pets. There are several causes of skin allergies, including parasites, inhaled allergens, food, and substances in the environment. Depending on the cause of the allergy, your pet may suffer to a greater degree at different times during the year. The clinical signs of skin allergies are similar, regardless of the cause. Itchiness is the most common sign exhibited by a pet when they have a skin allergy. As a result of the itchiness, your pet may lick, scratch, or chew the affected area.
The clinical presentation of a patient with skin allergies can be identical to that of many other skin diseases. As a result, a thorough examination, by a veterinarian, is the best first step when trying to diagnose and accurately treat your pet.
Flea Allergies
The most common hypersensitivity skin disorder in both dogs and cats is flea allergy dermatitis. It is caused by an allergy to the saliva of the flea. There are no breeds that have been found to be predisposed to this type of allergy. Most commonly this problem effects pets that are three to five years of age, but the allergy can be seen in pets of all ages. Dogs and cats are usually intensely itchy when they have fleas and are allergic to them. If you pet has a flea allergy you may notice hair loss or sores that are centered around the tail base and thighs. Diagnosis is most commonly made by a physical exam as well as by locating fleas on your pet. The absence of fleas on your pet does not rule out flea allergy. This is because a flea can bite your pet, causing an allergic response, and then the flea can flee! Treatment of flea allergy involves aggressive flea control, both on your pet and in the environment. Anti-inflammatory medication can be used to reduce your pet's discomfort from itching.
Inhaled Allergens
The second most common type of skin allergy is allergic inhalant dermatitis, otherwise known as atopy. This type of allergy is most akin to hay fever and pollen allergies that send people running for tissues. While inhaled allergens effect our respiratory tract, in pets, the skin is the organ most effected. Both breed and genetic dispositions towards this type of allergy have been found. It is unknown how these allergies are inherited, but retrievers, schnauzers, terriers, and dalmations are over represented. Female dogs are more likely to have these allergies than their male counterparts. These allergies can be seasonal or non-seasonal and are caused by mold, pollen, and dust. Pets that have this type of allergy will often develop skin lesions as a result of self-trauma, such as licking and scratching. These lesions can become infected. Definitive diagnosis requires allergy testing. This can be done by skin testing or by blood tests. Treatment often focuses around the use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as prednisone or cortisone. Since this class of medication has been associated with side effects, it is best to minimize their usage. Other medications available for treatment include antihistamines and fatty acid therapy. Shampoo therapy can also be helpful in alleviating your pet's discomfort. Allergy shots are also appropriate in some cases.
Food Allergies
Allergies to specific foods have long been associated with skin disease in animals. Animals with food allergies develop skin lesions similar to those seen in other allergies. Pets with food allergies have usually been eating the offending substance for many years. If a pet has a food allergy, drug therapy will often do little to alleviate their discomfort. Diagnosis and treatment usually center around a food elimination trial. This means that you will feed your pet a diet that contains novel substances. For example, instead of feeding a traditional beef or chicken based diet, you might substitute a duck, fish, or venison diet to see if the symptoms abate. This trial may last up to a few months. Unless you are diligent and feed only the recommended diet, the trial will be invalid. A definitive diagnosis is made when clinical signs disappear while eating the novel food and reappear when the old food is reintroduced.
Environmental Allergies
Environmental allergies, often referred to as allergic contact dermatitis, are an uncommon skin disorder in pets. Skin lesions can be found at the area where your pet contacts the offending substances. Some things that cause contact dermatitis are plants, medications, and home furnishings. Diagnosis of contact dermatitis is made by physical examination and known exposure. Treatment focuses around avoiding the offending substances. Anti-inflammatory medication may sometimes be necessary to improve your pet's comfort.
Unfortunately, various skin allergies commonly effect our pets. While in some cases extensive diagnostics are necessary, the majority of patients can be easily treated. If you suspect that your pet has any type of skin allergy you may want to discuss it with your veterinarian.
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Chinchillas
More and more pet owners are discovering the joys of adopting a non-traditional pet. While dogs and cats are still the most popular household friends, other pets have begun to join the ranks. These newer pets are often considered exotic. Among the exotic pets that are growing in popularity is the chinchilla. Chinchillas are small rodents that are native to South America. Typically chinchillas are found in mountainous areas and are nocturnal in nature. Some describe chinchillas as looking like a cross between a squirrel and a rabbit. However, they are most closely related to a guinea pig.
Chinchillas grow to be about one pound and have luxurious and soft fur. Their life span is approximately ten years, although they have been reported to live as long as twenty. Their long life span should be taken into account when considering adoption. As mentioned previously, tend to be most active at dusk. However, they can adjust to their owner's lifestyle to a certain degree. Chinchillas should live in a wire cage, which should have an area of solid flooring to protect their feet. Wooden cages are not ideal, as chinchillas may be able to chew themselves out! A multi-level cage, which allows them to climb and jump, is ideal. They should also have a place to be by themselves. PVC pipes or boxes can provide this solitude. Their cages should be kept in a cooler environment (approximately 50-68 degrees Fahrenheit).
In order to maintain the health of their fur, chinchillas need regular dust baths. These dry baths are necessary to absorb oils from their coat. Commercial dust baths can be purchased for use with chinchillas. In addition, a healthy diet of chinchilla pellets will keep their fur healthy. Similar to other rodents and rabbits, chinchillas require fiber, in the form of hay. They can be offered a small amount of treats each day such as vegetables or grains. Unlike the guinea pig, they do not require a dietary source of vitamin C.
Owners need to be gentle when handling their chinchilla. If a chinchilla is frightened it can shed a large patch of fur, which may take months to grow back. In general, chinchillas do not bite, but it does have the potential to run wild around your house if it is scared!
One of the most common problems that chinchillas experience is dental disease. Like many rodents and rabbits, the teeth of chinchillas continually grow. If the teeth do not line up correctly they will grow abnormally and cause damage and pain to the mouth. The most common signs of this are excessive salivation, pawing the mouth, and skin infection on the face. An animal with this condition may stop eating and can die. If your chinchilla has any of these symptoms you should take him to see your veterinarian.
Chinchillas can be purchased through pet stores and breeders. While they can make wonderful pets, they require specific care and attention. As always, consult your veterinarian to determine if this is a good pet for you and your family.
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Diarrhea
After a long day at work there is nothing more unpleasant than finding that your dog has had a bout of diarrhea on your new carpeting. While this can be very frustrating for you as an owner because you have to clean it up, it is often a sign that something array in your dog's gastrointestinal tract. There are many different causes of diarrhea in the dog and treatment is often aimed at correcting the underlying problem. Among the many common causes of diarrhea are dietary indiscretion, parasites, viruses, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer.
Causes of Diarrhea
Dietary indiscretion, which is the ingestion of something that does not agree with your pet's stomach, is by far the most common cause of this malady. Ingestion of grass, leaves, garbage, and mulch are among the more common offenders. Unlike horses, dogs are carnivores and cannot digest your lawn! The eating of grass or leaves is even more likely to cause diarrhea if they have been recently treated with fertilizers or pesticides. Ingesting things that seem okay to you and me may also have a negative effect on your dog's stomach. Feeding your dog table food, especially food that is fatty or spicy can lead to the same problems. These are not things that your dog is used to digesting. Any rapid dietary change can also lead to diarrhea. For example, if you run out of your pet's regular food on Sunday night and feed him whatever you can find at the grocery store it would not be uncommon for your dog to have diarrhea the next morning.
Intestinal parasitism is an extremely common problem in our "doggie dense" neighborhood. When one pet has a problem it can easily spread. The most common way for a dog to contract an intestinal parasite is by ingesting grass or something else with contaminated fecal matter. Among the most commonly diagnosed parasites are hookworms, roundworms, whipworms, and giardia.
Intestinal viruses, such as parvovirus and coronavirus can be very serious diseases especially to young dogs that may not be fully vaccinated. The most common presentation for each of these viruses is diarrhea.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is commonly diagnosed in mature dogs. As your pet ages he may become intolerant of certain foods. This does not refer to a particular brand of food, but usually to a component in food, such as beef or chicken. When a pet develops IBD they may have vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss.
Intestinal cancer can also cause diarrhea in dogs. In some cases this is the only symptom that the cancer exists. This is most common in mature pets.
Treatment of Diarrhea
Treatment usually involves making an accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause of the diarrhea. In some cases this is very simple and straightforward. Often times owners are very aware that their dog ate something it should not have and an episode of diarrhea followed. In other cases diagnosis is more involved. A visit to your veterinarian is often necessary to achieve a diagnosis and accurate therapy. Being able to provide your veterinarian with a thorough history will assist in making a diagnosis. Diagnostics are often necessary and include a fecal exam to look for parasites, blood tests, specific viral tests, and possibly x-rays. When inflammatory bowel disease or cancer is suspected further tests may be indicated such as ultrasound or an intestinal biopsy.
In simple cases treatment may involve temporarily feeding a bland diet. Your veterinarian can make suggestions that are appropriate for your pet. In many cases various medications may be needed to correct the problem.
While diarrhea is a very common clinical entity in a veterinary practice it is not a problem to be taken lightly. Seeking veterinary advice can often help you resolve the problem quickly and diagnose any underlying problems your pet may have.
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Ears
Is your pet shaking his head or pawing at his ears? These may be some of the signs of an external ear infection, otherwise known as otitis externa. Otitis externa is the inflammation of the external ear canal. External ear infections are common maladies affecting many of our pets, including cats, dogs, rabbits, and ferrets. There are many different causes of external ear infections as well as several treatment options available.
Our pet's ears begin with a vertical canal and then bends into a horizontal canal before reaching the eardrum. Inner ear infections occur beyond the eardrum. This anatomy, which is more complex than our own ears, may predispose our pets to infection. Since the canal is deep and curved it allows for wax, debris and moisture buildup, all of which can predispose our pets to infection. In addition, the normal body temperature of our pets is warmer than our own and thus offers the ideal media for infection. Second, some animals have floppy ears that cover the opening of the vertical ear canal. This does not allow for proper ventilation and can cause bacterial or fungal overgrowth.
There are many things that can cause external ear infections. Parasites, including ear mites are common, especially in younger pets. Ear mites are microscopic parasites that live in the ear canals of dogs and cats. They are highly contagious and cause inflammation to the external ear canal. Bacteria are common causes of ear infections. Given the appropriate environment, bacteria will colonize in the ear canal and cause infection. Fungal infections are often associated with a brown, foul-smelling discharge. Small amounts of fungi are found in the normal ear canal, but fungal overgrowth can occur and cause infection. A common underlying cause of external ear infections is allergic skin disease. Both inhalant and food allergies have been associated with skin inflammation including ears. Other less common causes of external ear infections include tumors, foreign objects, and autoimmune disease.
Diagnosis of an external ear infection requires an examination by a veterinarian. Basic testing may be required to determine the exact cause of the infection. Once a diagnosis is made there are several treatment options available. There are several topical medications available, including drops and ointments, to treat external ear infections. The appropriate medication would be determined by the type of infection present. Systemic medication, such as antibiotics or anti-inflammatories, may be necessary to treat the infection. In severe or chronic cases surgery may be indicated.
Routine ear cleaning is an imperative part of both treatment and prevention. Ear cleaning removes the wax, moisture, and debris that can foster infection. Cleaning solutions have been specifically designed for your pet. Check with your veterinarian for an appropriate cleaner as well proper cleaning techniques.
If left untreated an external ear infection may progress to become an internal ear infection, which may be more serious and are often more difficult to treat.
Ear infections are common maladies afflicting our pets. Routine ear cleaning may help prevent many infections. However, infections still occur. With proper and prompt veterinary care, they are usually easily treatable. So next time you notice your pet shaking his head, do not ignore him. He may have an ear infection!
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Fleas
Spring is finally upon us. This season brings with it warm beautiful weather, birds and butterflies. Unfortunately it also brings FLEAS! Fleas are not just critters that make our pets itch. They are small, brown or black, wingless insects that can cause a variety of maladies in our pets.
Most of us commonly associate flea bites with skin irritation. In some pets, this irritation can be considerable due to an allergy to the flea. So, while many animals get fleas, if your pet has flea allergic dermatitis, your pet may suffer more than average. In an allergic dog, the bite of a single flea may cause a serious problem. Extensive skin damage can result from your pet biting, licking, and scratching. Skin lesions that occur as a result of this allergy most often occur at the base of the tail and along the back. Veterinary care is often necessary to alleviate your pets suffering. However, fleas do not only cause skin irritation. When fleas get on your pet they will bite your pet and receive a blood meal. In some cases, a pet may have so many fleas that the fleas will ingest enough blood to cause anemia in your pet. This is more likely to occur in a smaller pet. Fleas can also spread the dog and cat tapeworm.
In order to combat the enemy it is best to understand their life cycle. After biting your pet, the adult flea will fall off your pet and deposit eggs in its environment. This often occurs in your homes and yards. A single breeding pair of fleas may produce 20,000 in three months. The eggs will hatch in two to twelve days into larvae that feed in the environment. The larvae then spin into a cocoon and may remain dormant for long period of time. When the fleas finally emerge from the cocoon they are hungry and ready to find a host.
There are many treatments available to help in the war on fleas. Some are more effective and safer than others. The older class of flea killers are made of organophosphates. These can be found in some flea collars, dips, and sprays. The older class of treatments can be toxic and should be especially avoided in puppies and kittens. Another class of flea killers commonly used are the pyrethrin-based products. These are usually safe when used as labeled. Unfortunately, many fleas have developed a resistance to these products and so they are no longer as effective as they once were. The newer class of adulticidal (kills adult fleas) compounds include products such as Advantage and Frontline. These are applied topically and can be quite effective. These are of great value in flea allergic pets since they kill the adult flea. Even though the treatments are topical they are waterproof. This allows your pet to enjoy the season and still be safe from fleas. Toxicities with these treatments are rare.
Unfortunately no adulticidal compound is 100% effective at killing adult fleas and their offspring. Lufenuron, which can be found in Program and Sentinel, is essentially birth control for fleas. When administered on a monthly basis, it is effective at disrupting the fleas life cycle and prevents the fleas eggs from hatching. This limits infestation of the environment. This type of treatment does not kill adult fleas.
Since no treatment alone is guaranteed to kill all fleas and their offspring, it is important to diagnose a problem early and begin aggressive treatment. All pet owners should own a flea comb. This is a very fine toothed comb which should be used on a routine basis to examine your pet for fleas or flea dirt. Tiny black granules that resemble black pepper are flea excrement and their presence, even in the absence of a live flea, indicate that your pet has a flea problem.
When faced with a flea infestation of your home, there are several measures that should be taken. First, all bedding should be washed. The home should be vacuumed. A flea spray, designed to be used in the home, not on your pet, should then be used. Particular attention should be placed on areas where your pets stay as well as any other warm dark places in your home. Treatment should be repeated in accordance with the flea's life cycle in order to eradicate an infestation.
Fleas can be the bane of many pets and their owners' lives. Fortunately, there are many steps that can be taken to minimize their impact. Use of available treatments can greatly reduce the likelihood of infestation of your pet and your home. Your veterinarian can be a valuable resource in recommending the most appropriate therapy for your pet.
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Grooming
In order to look our best we all perform grooming rituals. Since we want our pets to look their best, and stay healthy, we need to assist them with their own grooming. Grooming sessions can be an opportunity for pets to bond with their owners and a great time for all. Regular grooming may include hair brushing, bathing, nail trimming, ear cleaning, and tooth brushing. Some pets, including chinchillas, require special grooming procedures, such as dust baths. Be sure to know what the proper grooming habits are for your pet, especially if they are a non-traditional pet.
Most pet's hair should be brushed on a regular basis. This will cut down on shedding and will improve the look of your pet's coat. If your pet is prone to hairballs brushing is considered the most effective prevention. Reducing hairballs is of paramount importance if your pet is a rabbit. Since rabbits are unable to vomit, a hairball can lead to a serious obstruction. If the hair is on your brush it isn't in their stomach! The type and length of hair that your pet has will dictate how often the hair should be brushed as well as the best tools to use. Longhaired pets, such as a Persian cat or a Collie, ideally should be brushed on a daily basis. This will prevent matting or knotting which can be uncomfortable for your pet. Combs, such as a rake comb, can be helpful in getting through the dense coat. Shorter haired pets, such as a Labrador Retriever or a domestic shorthaired cat also benefit from regular brushing. Tools that may assist you in brushing shorter coated animals include a wire slicker brush or a shedding blade.
The average dog is bathed approximately once a month. While there is no standard rule regarding frequency of bathing, regular bathing will assure that your pet is clean. Most cats are fastidious groomers and rarely require bathing. If your dog has a normal coat then an over-the-counter pet shampoo should be adequate. Since a dog's skin is not the same as a person's it is best not to use your own shampoo on your dog. If your dog has a specific skin condition your veterinarian may recommend a medicated shampoo. There are many skin conditions, such as allergies, where bathing can serve as a helpful adjunctive therapy and assist in minimizing the usage of other medications. In order to reap the benefits of the shampoo, it is best to let the shampoo sit on your pet for at least 5 minutes before rinsing it off.
Regular ear cleaning is the best method for preventing ear infections in your pets. Ears should be cleaned at least weekly. If your pet is a swimmer you may wish to discuss more frequent ear cleanings with your veterinarian. Ears should be cleaned with an ear cleaning solution that is designed to both clean and dry the ear canal. Your veterinarian can teach you how to safely clean your pet's ears.
For many people clipping their pet's nails is a traumatic experience. It is best to begin this ritual when your pet is very young. Playing with their paws regularly and rewarding them for good behavior will help them to get used to the action that is needed to trim their nails. A good quality nail clipper should be purchased. It is also a good idea to purchase styptic powder just in case you accidentally clip a bit too much. You should clip off the tip of each nail just before the point where it begins to curve. Be very careful to avoid the quick, which is the sensitive vein that runs into the nail bed. In a dog with white nails the quick will appear pink. In a dog with black nails it can be quite difficult to discern where the quick is. As a result, you might begin by being very conservative in the amount of nail that you clip or have a professional work with you the first few times. It is important not to forget to clip the dewclaw on a dog if it has not been removed. When clipping a cats nails you should gently press on the paw near each nail to make the claw pop out. Once you can see the claw you should cut off the white tip. Again, you should take care to avoid the pink quick.
Dental health care should also be part of your grooming ritual. This may include toothbrushing or using a dental rinse designed for your pets. There are special toothpastes and toothbrushes for use with pets. Ideally your pets teeth should be brushed daily, although twice a week is a good goal.
Routine grooming can help strengthen the bond that you have with your pet while improving their health and appearance. As always, your veterinarian can be a valuable resource on these issues.
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Heat and Pets
The dog (and cat) days of summer are here. In our area, temperatures above ninety degrees are the norm in the summer. While we may enjoy fun in the sun, the hot weather and intense humidity can be harmful to our furry friends. Enjoying the summer months with your pet can be great fun, and safe, if you take some precautions along the way. Dogs and cats do not sweat the same way people do. As a result, they are unable to shed heat as efficiently as humans. Panting and radiation of heat from the skin's surface are the only ways that our pets can cool off.
High temperatures and humidity can be dangerous to even the healthiest of pets. However, some animals are at especially high risk. Certain breeds of dogs, known as brachycephalic, or "snub-nosed" dogs are at increased risk for heat prostration. These breeds include bulldogs, pugs, Shih Tzus, Lhasa Apsos, Pekingese, and Boston Terriers. The anatomical restrictions of these breeds makes it more difficult for them to breathe and lose heat. Animals with underlying heart or respiratory diseases are also at increased risk during the warm days of summer. Geriatric patients and those that are overweight may also have a difficult time with the hot weather. Hormonal disorders, such as thyroid disease and diabetes mellitus can also increase a pet's risk of heat prostration.
Fortunately, there are many simple things that pet owners can do to protect their pets from the heat.
- NEVER leave a pet unattended in an automobile for ANY length of time. The temperature in a car can quickly become like a pizza oven. Parking in the shade or leaving windows open do not adequately reduce the risk of the heat on hot days.
- Try to exercise your pet during the cooler portions of the day. Early morning or late evening walks are a good idea. Remember that you should not over exert your pet on hot days. If the pavement that your pet is walking on feels hot to your touch it is probably hot enough to burn the bottom of your pet's paws - OUCH!
- If your pet is used to being outdoors during the day, be sure that he has adequate shelter and plenty of shade. On especially hot days it is a good idea to keep all pets indoors with the air conditioner on.
- WATER, WATER, WATER! Your pet should always have free access to fresh water. When you take your pet for a walk, be sure to take water along for him. Bringing along a water bottle specifically for your pet is a smart idea. After exercise it is important to not let your pet drink too much water at once as this can cause gastrointestinal upset. Also, be sure not to allow your pet to drink standing water, such as a puddle. Puddles, and the like, may contain antifreeze which can be lethal, even in very small doses.
- Regular grooming can help keep your pet more comfortable in the heat. Long-haired animals may benefit from a haircut during the warmer months. However, they should not be shaved to the skin as this minimizes their protection from the sun.
Even if you follow all the suggestions for keeping your pet cool, it is possible that the intense heat and humidity will be too overwhelming. Heat prostration has many signs including weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, excess salivation, and depression. At it's extreme, permanent organ damage can occur from heat prostration. If you suspect that your pet is a victim of the heat your veterinarian should be notified immediately. Prompt medical attention can save your pet's life.
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Laser Surgery
Veterinarians in growing numbers are performing surgeries using lasers. Laser, or Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, has been used in human medicine for decades. Lasers generate intense beams of light that can be focused and utilized in the place of a scalpel blade for veterinary surgery. There are many types of lasers in use, but the most common one used in veterinary medicine is the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) laser.
Lasers work by producing heat that vaporizes tissue nearly instantaneously. While veterinarians have been performing surgery for years without the use of lasers, lasers offer a new level of care for our pets. Lasers can lessen surgery time, meaning that our pets are under anesthesia less. Laser use can also hasten recovery time, reduce swelling, and limit bleeding.
The two most widely touted reasons for choosing laser surgery over traditional surgical methods are two reduce pain and reduce bleeding. Since a laser seals nerve endings, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels while "cutting" pets feel less pain upon recovery and bleed less during and after surgery. Surgeries performed with laser usually have less post-operative swelling and pets recover faster after laser surgery. Also, since the use of a laser requires less handling of tissue, trauma is minimized, as is pain.
Lasers are being used in place of a scalpel on a daily basis. Nearly all surgeries traditionally performed with a scalpel can be done using a laser. Routine surgeries such as ovariohysterectomy (spay) and neuters, as well as feline declaws are all easily accomplished with laser. Recoveries are often remarkably rapid. Cats declawed using a laser are often up and walking comfortably within hours of surgery. This is in contrast to a traditional declaw that often requires significantly longer recovery time. Surgeries that were traditionally more complex, such as entropions (repairing eyelid abnormalities) and upper airway surgery (e.g. palate surgery) are made more routine with the use of laser technology. Since the laser reduces the bleeding at the surgery site, the surgeons work is simplified and shortened.
Lasers have also significantly advanced the removal of certain skin growths including tumors, warts, and cysts. The laser is used to vaporize the growth. Large amounts of tissue no longer need to be removed allowing for a more cosmetic outcome. Lick granulomas are a frustrating condition in some dogs. The laser can be used to ablate the lick granuloma and seal the nerve endings. This reduces the pet's desire to continue to traumatize that area. Additional therapies may still be required, but more desirable outcomes are now possible.
Laser surgery in conjunction with other pain management techniques can offer your pet a more comfortable surgery and recovery than previously available. Your veterinarian can help you decide whether laser surgery should be considered for your pet's procedure.
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Nails
Domestic cats have become one, if not the most popular house pet. As we bring these furry little friends into our homes it is valuable for us to understand certain aspects of their behavior so that we may enjoy their company more. Among the most common complaints that cat owners have is that their cats are destructive. Cats that have their claws have the potential to wreak havoc in a home if certain precautions are not taken.
A cat's claw is really a specialized toenail that serves many purposes. These include protection, territorial marking, grooming, and hunting. The claws grow not only in length, but in layers as well. While it is normal behavior for a cat to scratch a surface in order to remove old layers of nail, it can be disconcerting when the scratching post is your new furniture. Owners can do much to prevent destructive scratching by their furry friend.
The most basic way to prevent damage from scratching is to periodically trim your cat's nails. Even if they have short nails cats will still scratch to mark their territory or to shed old nail, but it should not be as damaging. Before you ever even begin to attempt to trim your pet's nails you should routinely play with their paws and feet. This will get them used to having their feet touched. If they tolerate this well, a small food reward might be offered. When trimming the nails it is important to avoid the blood vessel, or "quick", located in the nail. If you cut your pet's nails too short this blood vessel may be severed, causing some discomfort and bleeding. Interestingly enough, the cat nail is color-coded. You should only cut the outermost white nail, avoiding the pinkish triangle at the base of the nail. If you are unsure of how to properly trim your pet's nails you should consult your veterinarian.
Accepting that a cat needs to scratch it is often a good idea to provide them with an appropriate location to scratch. Scratching posts offer an excellent alternative to your valuable furniture. Cats can be encouraged to use scratching posts by placing them in locations near where they currently are scratching or by adding catnip to the scratching post.
Unfortunately, not all cats can be convinced to consistently use a scratching post. Even when nails are kept short they can still inflict a certain degree of damage. A few options are available when nail trimming and scratching posts don't solve your problem. Plastic nail covers are available that can be affixed to the existing nail. These covers prevent the sharp portion of the nail from damaging items when a cat is scratching. As the nails grow these covers need to be periodically replaced. For many owners the long term expense associated with nail covers can be frustrating.
There is a surgical procedure available in which a veterinarian would cut the tendon that is involved with allowing the cat to extend it's nail. Some consider this procedure to be less invasive than the traditional declawing. After this procedure has been performed the cat can no longer extend it's nails to scratch on objects. Therefore it is imperative that the nails be trimmed periodically. If they are not adequately trimmed they can overgrow into the foot pad. If you are unable to trim your cat's nails this may not be the procedure for you.
For many cat owners the procedure of choice to alleviate issues related to scratching is declawing. Under general anesthesia the claw is surgically removed via a small opening that is made near each nail. The surgery site can be closed using a variety of techniques including sutures or surgical adhesive. The result of this procedure is that the claws cannot regrow. The advent of modern surgical techniques, as well as newer pain relievers have made this procedure more tolerable than in the past.
You cannot stop your cat from scratching. Even a cat that has been declawed will make the motions involved with scratching they will just not inflict any damage. Many choices are available to owners in an attempt to deal with the natural scratching tendency that cats have. Your veterinarian can help you figure out what will work out best for you, your family, and your valuable cat.
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New Puppy
Congratulations, you have adopted a new puppy! After months of careful planning and research the big day is finally here. Now what? It is time to bring your new family member to the veterinarian for their first wellness visit. This should usually be done within one week of adoption. Many breeders require this and most suggest it.
The visit will usually start off with a routine physical examination. This reason for this is to look for any obvious congenital defects or infections. Some common congenital defects that can be found on a routine exam include an umbilical hernia, cleft palate, and hear murmurs. Routine infections that may be found on exam include ear mites, kennel cough, and eye infections. The exam may begin by taking the puppy's temperature. A normal temperature is 101-102.5 F. The complete physical examination should include looking in the eyes, ears, and mouth, listening to the heart, feeling the abdomen, and their limbs. A fecal examination for intestinal worms is recommended. As many as 80 to 90 percent of new puppies will have some type of intestinal worm.
Most of the visit will encompass discussion of care your new puppy will need both now and in the future. Topics may include nutrition, training, and future visits. Your pet may have specific nutritional requirements. There are many good quality pet foods available. You should consult with your veterinarian about which one is appropriate for your puppy. It is a good rule of thumb to make a gradual transition to a new diet if you will be feeding your puppy something different than he is used to. Your veterinarian should be able to advise you about the appropriate quantity of food to feed as well.
Obedience training should begin with your puppy as soon as possible. It is never too early to learn! Your veterinarian may discuss various training methods including crate training. It is also a good idea to discuss enrolling in a formal obedience class. Check with your veterinarian as to an appropriate age to begin classes.
A routine vaccination protocol will either begin at the first visit, if your pet has not yet had any vaccinations, or will continue. Vaccinations are designed to prevent serious diseases that are sometimes not easily treatable. Diseases that are routinely vaccinated against include distemper, rabies, parvovirus, and corona virus. The rabies vaccine is typically not administered until the puppy is over 12 weeks of age. Vaccinations typically begin between six and eight weeks of age and the puppy continues to receive booster vaccinations every three weeks until they are between 12 and 16 weeks old. Boosters are necessary because different puppies lose maternal antibodies, which provide immunity, at different times. It is a good idea to avoid contact with strange dogs until your pet is fully vaccinated.
Spaying or neutering may be discussed at the first puppy visit. While these procedures are not performed right away, it is a good time to discuss what is involved and what the benefits associated are. If you have adopted a purebred puppy that you plan to breed at a later date you should discuss this with your veterinarian.
Heartworm disease may also be a topic of discussion at the visit. This is a disease that is transmitted to dogs from mosquitoes and can be fatal. It is easily prevented with the monthly administration of a pill. An added bonus is that the newest generations of heartworm prevention are also designed to prevent the most common intestinal worms.
Getting a new puppy is a very exciting time. This valuable family member will be with you for years to come. Remember to use your veterinarian as a resource for both medical and behavioral questions.
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Obedience
Since the kids are out of school for the summer it is an opportune time to work on school for our canine companions. Just as all children need to attend school, all dogs should have some basic training. Basic obedience training is an important component of being a dog owner. Setting a baseline of good behavior for your dog is particularly important if you want to rule your home and not be ruled by your dog! Consistency is imperative so the entire family must agree on what the basic guidelines are before starting any obedience program. If you do not want your dog to jump on the table then everyone must agree that this behavior is never appropriate.
The best time to begin training your dog is when they are a young puppy. However, this is not always possible and owners with older dogs should not be discouraged from training their pet. Older dogs may have already developed undesirable habits that will need to be broken during the training phase.
There are many different methods of obedience training, but we will focus on the use of praise and positive reinforcement. This method is similar to receiving payment for a job well done! In general, it is thought that positive reinforcement is a more powerful and long lasting method of training than other methods. Positive reinforcement should be offered after your dog has done the appropriate task. The reinforcement should not be used as a bribe to get them to perform the task. So, if you ask your dog to sit and he sits you might reward him. Whereas if you have to give him a food reward prior to sitting in order to get him to sit, you would be bribing him. A food reward can be used, but only small amounts of food are necessary. Some examples of appropriate food rewards are tiny pieces of cheese or small pieces of biscuits. It can take many tries to teach one command. After your dog has mastered a given task it may not be necessary to reward them with each successive completion. Verbal praise should also be offered to your pet so that she does not expect food at the completion of every command.
When teaching your dog to perform a specific task you must be consistent in how you ask for this to be done. So, if you want your dog to "come", then consistently use the word "come" when trying to teach this task. If you say "come" sometimes and "come over" at other times it is likely to confuse your dog. If you issue the command the same way each time your dog will not get as confused and may learn faster. Remember to make sure that your commands are distinct from one another so that there is no confusion about what you are requesting from your pet. It is also a good idea to use your dog's name when practicing a command.
Do not think that training will be easy. You should start by working with your dog for no more than 15 minutes at a session or both you and your pet will get frustrated. Varying the location of your training sessions is important so that your pet will learn to obey you regardless of where you are. If you always practice sitting in the kitchen, your dog may not learn to sit anywhere else! Multiple short sessions, throughout the day, will best help your pet accomplish the goals you set out for her.
For many new dog owners it may be helpful to seek the guidance of a professional trainer. Training classes not only teach commands, but also offer socialization skills for your dog. Before settling on a class you may wish to interview the trainer and observe them in a class setting to see if your goals and ideals match their training philosophy.
Your veterinarian is often a valuable resource when you have training questions or problems. If you are having specific training or behavioral problems, your veterinarian may be able to suggest some training techniques or other behavioral modification methods.
Obedience training should be viewed as punishment. Instead it should be a learning experience for both owner and pet. Your dog is a valuable member of your family and the ability to communicate with her and elicit an appropriate response, on a routine basis, is extremely important for both safety and enjoyment.
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Pet Exercise
There is a strong effort across our country to increase the amount that all Americans exercise. According to the 2000 Census nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States were overweight and nearly one-third were obese. Studies suggest similar numbers for our pets. Nearly 25% of all dogs seen by veterinarians are obese. What is an owner to do?
Diet and exercise are the best way to control your pet's weight. If you are thinking about beginning an exercise regimen that includes your pet there are a few things to keep in mind. First, take a look at your dog. If you have a toy or small breed dog it probably isn't realistic to expect her to run five miles on any day. Be realistic about exercising with your pet. Larger breed dogs such as retrievers, German shepherds, or terriers can make excellent jogging partners. Breeds such as bulldogs, pugs, and Boston terriers may have more difficulty with exercise due to potential breathing difficulties.
Prior to starting an exercise regimen with your dog you should visit your veterinarian for a checkup. Be sure that all your pet's vaccinations are up to date and that there is no reason that your pet shouldn't exercise such as arthritis, hip dysplasia, or some other chronic condition. Be sure your pet has a rabies tag as well as a license if required in your area.
Once you have the go ahead from your veterinarian help your dog ease into exercising. Jogging around the backyard and chasing a ball can be quite a workout for a smaller dog. Before heading out on a long run or hike, be sure your pet is in shape for the expedition. Begin by taking long walks or short runs and build up to your goal. If you are already in shape you may think about taking your regular run and then having a light cool down with your dog. Always make sure your dog is on a leash. Even if you are in a park or area where dogs are permitted off the leash, they are safer while leashed.
Be sure to take along water for your pet in the same way you carry water for yourself. Most dogs drink easily out of a squirt bottle. On longer hikes you might consider a portable water bowl for your pet. Pets can become overheated and tired the same way we can. If you notice your pet is panting, sweating, or has increased salivation it might be time for a break. Offer your pet water and, if possible, take a break in the shade. Dogs can get heat stroke and become extremely ill when they overheat. Watch for signs of this, which include vomiting and even seizures. When exercising in colder weather be sure to clean your pets paws after their time outside. Road salt can get in their paws and be extremely irritating to their skin. Some pets, such as young puppies or older pets, may be less tolerant of the cold weather so exposure should be limited. Your veterinarian can help you determine appropriate limits for exercising your pet.
Exercising with your pet will be fun if you choose an appropriate activity and pay close attention to what works for you and your pet.
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Pet First Aid
Many of us have medicine cabinets filled with first aid supplies for our families. How many of us have the same supplies available for our pets? In an emergency, there is no such thing as being "too prepared". It is very simple to have the right supplies on hand when you have an emergency related to your pet. A "pet first aid kit" can be a lifesaver.
So, what should you include in a first aid kit for your pet?
- Gather together all important information about your pet. This might include their birthdate, microchip ID number, rabies tag number, any medications he takes, and any health problems he has had or has. Write all this information down in a small notebook so it is easy to access. You might also keep records of his latest vaccinations.
- Keep a "pet phonebook". This book should include basic phone numbers that you might need in an emergency. Your veterinarian's phone number, as well as the phone number to the local emergency hospital is a must. In addition, you may want to have the phone number for animal poison control (1-800-548-2423) handy.
- Bandage material. You can use the same materials found in your home first aid kit, including gauze pads, gauze rolls, and tape. These materials may help you if your pet is injured and bleeding.
- Scissors. These can be used to cut tape and gauze.
- Antiseptics. Rubbing alcohol, antibiotic ointments, and betadine solution can all be of value for wound cleaning.
- Hydrogen peroxide or Syrup of Ipecac. Either of these can be used to induce vomiting at the suggestion and direction of your veterinarian. With some toxins it is not appropriate to induce vomiting. Your veterinarian and/or Animal Poison Control can assist you with dosing.
- Dosing syringe. An eyedropper or syringe without a needle can assist with administering oral medications.
- Rectal thermometer. A digital rectal thermometer is easiest to use and read. These can be purchased at any supermarket or pharmacy. The normal temperature for a dog or cat is 101-102.5 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Instant hot/cold compresses. These can be used to treat injuries and swellings.
- Forceps or tweezers. These can be used to remove ticks or other objects imbedded in your pet's skin, including splinters.
- A muzzle. An injured pet who is in pain may unintentionally try to bite. Even the gentlest pets may become fractious when injured. Be sure to have a muzzle that is the appropriate size for your pet.
- Stretcher. Stretchers can be purchased or you can improvise. A blanket, a floor mat, or a board can be used to carry an injured pet.
While this list is not all-inclusive it includes many of the basic items needed for a first aid kit. There are commercially available kits that you can purchase. Be sure to check that their contents are appropriate for your pet. If your pet has a particular health problem you might think of discussing other appropriate items to include in your pet first aid kit with your veterinarian. It is always a good idea to consult with your veterinarian if you think you are having an emergency as they may have specific life-saving suggestions for you.
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Poison
Many of us are used to baby-proofing our homes, but how about pet-proofing? Pets can and will get into things that they shouldn't and sometimes those things are dangerous. Only one second of carelessness can be potentially fatal for your pet. Items that are innocent to people can be quite harmful to our furry friends and things that are harmful to us are also dangerous for pets in most circumstances.
The medicine cabinet is one of the most dangerous places in your home. All medications can be toxic to our pets. Even the most innocent pills such as Tylenol, Advil, and aspirin can be deadly to pet. These nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories are especially dangerous to our feline friends. One Tylenol will kill your average cat. Be sure to keep these items in locked cabinets where your pets and children can't get to them. When you or a family member needs to take medicine be careful not to drop an extra pill on the floor or leave one on the counter. Your pet will surely find these leftovers. You shouldn't only be concerned about pills or liquid medications. Your pet can easily eat topical ointments that traditionally come in tubes. One bite and your pet can open the tube and ingest the contents of the tube.
Dangers are not only located in the medicine cabinet. Your cleaning supplies whether in a kitchen cabinet, garage, or bathroom are potentially dangerous. Detergents, mothballs, and fabric softener sheets can all be harmful if ingested. Most cleaning products can cause stomach upset and intestinal problems. They can also cause burns in the mouth and esophagus. While many of us were taught that inducing vomiting is appropriate when we ingest something inappropriate, this is not the case with some household cleaning products. Caustic products can burn just as much on the way back up as they did on the way down.
Your pantry can also cause problems for your pet. Products containing onion or onion powder can be particularly dangerous to cats. Serious damage can be done to red blood cells, resulting in anemia, if too much onion is eaten. Chocolate, especially baker's chocolate, is potentially lethal. At low dosages it can cause vomiting and diarrhea. At higher doses seizures and heart arrhythmias may result. Tea and coffee cause similar symptoms. If you have a bird their cage should not be kept in the kitchen. Teflon, traditionally used as a coating for pans, releases chemicals into the air that are lethal to birds.
The garbage can is another source of danger, despite being an exciting location for many pets to explore. Moldy foods can be toxic. The mold spores emit toxins that, when eaten, can make pets extremely ill. Keep your trashcan covered and away from your pets.
Despite your best efforts to keep your pets safe, problems do arise. Your veterinarian will be able to assist you if your pet gets into things he shouldn't. However, sometimes it is necessary to consult with the National Animal Poison Control Center. They can be reached at 1-888-4 ANI-HELP. There may be a charge for your call, but it may be a small price to pay for the health and well being of your pet.
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Rabbit Teeth
Rabbits often suffer from dental disease. While regular dental cleaning is an important part of maintaining oral health in people, cats, and dogs, it is not as necessary in the rabbit. Instead, malocclusion, or an improper alignment of the teeth, can cause serious, if not life-threatening, problems. Malocclusion is especially serious due to the dental anatomy of the rabbit. Their teeth have long roots and grow about four to five inches per year. When the teeth of a rabbit are aligned properly they are worn down by food consumption. However, when teeth are not aligned they will continue to grow and may inhibit the rabbit's ability to eat. The inability to eat can result in life-threatening anorexia.
Malocclusion of the incisors, or front teeth, is most common. This problem can be genetic in origin. A routine physical examination by a veterinarian will often diagnose this problem. Treatment of malocclusion is usually accomplished by trimming the teeth. This should be done with a special dental drill or burr. Nail trimmers should not be used for this purpose as they may fracture the teeth. A fractured tooth can lead to serious infection. Trimming of the teeth should be done approximately every six to eight weeks in an afflicted rabbit. Again, a rabbit with a normal bite should not need to have its teeth trimmed. In some cases removal of the incisors is an appropriate treatment. General anesthesia, as well as post-operative pain medication and antibiotics are necessary when removing the teeth.
Malocclusion of the cheek teeth is less common, but still life threatening. Cheek teeth that do not wear evenly can develop sharp spike-like edges. These spikes can cut into the tongue or gums and cause pain and the inability to eat. Due to the narrow oral cavity of the rabbit, diagnosis of this problem is more challenging. A sedated oral exam, by a veterinarian, is usually necessary for diagnosis. Treatment involves filing or trimming the teeth.
Dental abscesses are a reasonable common problem in the rabbit. Trauma and/or food impaction can be the culprit. Treatment involves veterinary care including antibiotics and possibly surgery.
Regular veterinary care and an attentive owner can help assure that a rabbit is in good health. Dental health is an important part of overall health and should not be ignored.
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Ticks
Ticks and tick borne diseases are of growing concern to pet owners. Our active lifestyles have brought ourselves and our pets into increased contact with ticks. Secluded wooded areas where people live or spend leisure time are the natural environments for ticks and disease causing bacteria. It is most common to see ticks between May and November, but the unseasonably warm and wet weather we have had in recent years has lengthened the tick season. These blood- sucking parasites are of concern not only because of the diseases they can transmit to our families, but our pets as well.
Popular press has brought Lyme disease to the forefront of health concerns. While many of us most commonly think of it as a disease affecting humans, it can affect our companion animals as well. It is important to note that humans cannot catch Lyme disease from their pets. Primarily found in dogs, Lyme disease is caused by the transmission of bacteria from a tick bite. In general, the tick must remain attached to the host (dog) for at least 24 hours for infection to occur. When infected a dog may exhibit signs such as lameness, fever, and lethargy. Diagnosis by a veterinarian is made by a combination of history, clinical signs, blood tests, and a response to therapy. Treatment is accomplished with the use of an appropriate antibiotic. In fact, just recently a young normally healthy large breed dog was brought into my hospital extremely lethargic and painful. He had a very high fever and bloodwork confirmed the diagnosis of Lyme disease. He did respond very well to antibiotic treatment. Although preventing tick bites is the most effective method of preventing Lyme disease, vaccination is currently available through your veterinarian. Vaccination is reported to be most effective when given prior to exposure.
Other less common, but potentially more serious, tick borne diseases include, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) and Ehrlichiosis. In addition to the afore mentioned signs associated with Lyme Disease, RMSF and Ehrlichiosis can cause bleeding tendencies, weight loss, and inner eye infections. Vaccination for these diseases is unavailable. Although, if caught early in the disease course successful treatment can be accomplished with the use of appropriate antibiotics.
Cats are less likely to be affected by Lyme and other tick borne diseases due to their fastidious grooming habits. However, when afflicted with tick borne diseases their illnesses tend to be serious.
Pet owners should routinely check their pets for ticks after they have been outdoors, especially if they have been playing in areas with tall grass and brush. Owners should inspect their pets for small pea-sized parasites that are similar in appearance to spiders and scorpions. Ticks may be a variety of shapes and sizes, but are primarily black and brown. If you see a tick on your pet it is important to remove it properly. Using a pair of tweezers placed as closely
to the point of attachment to your pet as possible, the tick should be pulled gently and steadily away from the skin to dislodge the inserted mouth parts. If removed improperly, a severe reaction may occur. After removal clean the area with an antiseptic solution and
wash your own hands as well.
Several flea and tick shampoos are effective in killing ticks. Pyrethrin based products are most
commonly advocated for this use due to their high margin of safety. Modern veterinary medicine has been able to meet the increasing desire of pet owners to prevent tick bites.
Frontline is a topical preparation, available as both a spray and top-spot, which kills ticks which manage to get on your pet. Frontline has a high margin of safety, kills ticks within 24 hours of getting on your pet, and each application lasts for one month.
Although ticks can cause serious problems a diligent pet owner can avoid the potential for disease by frequent and thorough examination of their pet as well as usage of appropriate tick killing products.
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Vaccines
It is important to bring your pet to the veterinarian each year. Your pet's annual wellness visit usually begins with a thorough medical history and a discussion of any problems your pet has experienced. Next your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination to check each of your pets organ systems for disease. This is the most important part of the annual visit as many diseases may not be obvious to owners. If your pet is healthy, vaccinations are given to prevent some very serious health problems. There are many deadly diseases that we vaccinate our pets for. The remainder of this article focuses specifically on several vaccinations for dogs.
Distemper
Distemper is a virus that is an extremely contagious, airborne disease found in canines and ferrets. Some signs of Distemper include vomiting, diarrhea, upper respiratory ailments, and in some cases seizures. In severe cases, Distemper can cause death. Dogs that suffer from Distemper and recover may have permanent neurological damage. As a result, vaccination against this disease is vital, as it is easily preventable. Distemper vaccine is part of the core puppy vaccinations and boosters should be administered annually to ensure your dog is properly immunized.
Parvovirus
Parvovirus is an extremely deadly virus that is most commonly transmitted via contact with infected stool. This virus can live in the environment for many months and this increases the likelihood of its spread. The disease is characterized by vomiting and severe bloody diarrhea. Infected animals will often rapidly deteriorate and can die. Aggressive medical treatment can sometimes be successful in treating this disease. Fatalities are usually seen in young puppies that contract the disease. Again, this virus is easily prevented through the administration of a puppy vaccine and with an annual booster. The parvovirus vaccine is often included in the Distemper vaccine so your pet may not get a separate parvovirus shot.
Rabies
Rabies is a fatal disease caused by a virus. All warm-blooded animals, including dogs and humans, are susceptible to the rabies virus, but dogs and cats are the most commonly affected domestic animals. Rabies is transmitted by biting as the virus lives in the saliva of infected animals. Rabies is most commonly transmitted by bats, skunks, foxes, and raccoons. Routine vaccination is imperative and is required by law, in the state of Maryland, for any dog or cat over 12 weeks of age.
Kennel Cough
Infectious tracheal bronchitis, better known as kennel cough, is a contagious disease of the upper respiratory tract. This is often caused by a combination of viruses and bacteria. The most common sign of kennel cough is a harsh cough. Kennel cough is usually contracted through interaction with another infected animal and commonly occurs in social environments such as boarding facilities, grooming facilities, and playgroups. Treatment usually involves the administration of antibiotics and is quite effective.
These vaccinations are among the core vaccines that are most commonly part of your dog's annual visit to the veterinarian. There are other vaccinations available for various diseases, including Lyme Disease and Coronavirus. You should discuss if your pet is at risk for these diseases with your veterinarian.
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